Traditional homegardens of Kerala: a sustainable human ecosystem

An analogue approach to analysing the traditional homegardens of Keralavis-à-vis natural climax ecosystems is adopted. The traditional homegarden is apparently a climax ecosystem, where ecological succession is consciously manipulated by human beings. High intensity of vertical and horizontal space use, the highly dynamic chronological structure and the capacity to perform essential ecological processes make this ecosystem relatively sustainable. Homegardens in Kerala effectively serve as human ecosystems with their low input demand, staggered supply of outputs, and enhancement of habitat quality. However, recent trends in agrarian structure and the high market orientation exert pressures on the homegarden, and its sustainability as a human ecosystem is in question.This joint paper is based on part of the research conducted by Darley Jose for the degree of M.Sc. (Natural Resource Management) at the Agricultural University of Norway under the guidance of N. Shanmugaratnam.     

云南橡胶园土壤

论述云南橡胶园土壤形成的过程和特点,橡胶园人工生态系统的建立保持了森林型物质能量循环,科学的抚育管理保证了橡胶园土壤肥力在满足胶树高产、稳产的基础上保持相对稳定、平衡。     

人工恢复与重建森林生态系统健康及其维护初探

人工恢复与重建森林生态系统，随着时间的推移，由于系统内生物个体与个体、个体与环境之间的关系变化而发生动态的变化，如果不能对系统的健康状况正确认识和维护，恢复的系统则可能再次退化，使荒山绿化、植被恢复不能达到预期目标。探讨了人工恢复与重建森林生态系统的健康评价方法及其维护对策。     

海岸基干林带作业设计新理念探索——以浙江瑞安市海岸基干林带建设为例

以浙江瑞安市海岸基干林带建设为例,在基干林带内部结构方面,提出海岸基干林带为生态系统聚集体的新理念,把生态系统作为构成海岸基干林带的基本单元。瑞安市海岸基干林带通过扩充基干林带规模,增加水面空间,形成林水交融的多系统综合体,显著提高基干林带的防风滞浪滞洪功能;在基干林带功能定位方面,提出在强化基干林带防风护岸基本功能的前提下,加强基干林带滞洪泄洪和景观美化功能,建设具有复合功能的新型基干林带。瑞安市海岸基干林带充分利用林水交融的景观特点,加强观花、观叶、观果树种的营造,实现休闲娱乐空间在防护林带中的合理布局,不仅赋予基干林带生态防护功能,而且使其具有独特的生态旅游功能,与基干林带周边发达的社会经济条件相衔接,提高基干林带的自我经营能力。     

云南引种多年生植物的发展与利用

回顾了从外省和国外引入云南的经济植物,说明由于云南特殊的地理、气候及生物多样性对不同引种植物造成不同的试种结果、发展状况及出现的问题。从而指出在云南高生物多样性森林生态系统条件下,引入外地经济植物种植的有效利用是树种或品种(品系)与当地多样性的适合性配置;可持续发展的种植方式是植物种或品种(品系)的单位种植面积不宜过大,以多种块状混交为宜;减小风险的方式是经10～12年以上的多点种植考验和控制单一种种植比例;发展当地树种风险小,但要保护好当地的生物多样性。     

集水区内森林生态系统的养分分析

在湖南省会同县森林生态系统定位站小集水区杉木人工林生态系统中,对植被、土壤和水分的营养元素(N,P,K,ca,Mg)进行分析测定,结果表明:系统中植被的养分含量,因器官类型、生长季节和年龄的不同而不相同;土壤养分含量,因立地条件类型的差别而有明显的差异;水分中的营养元素,随天气状况、降水性质和时间的变化而发生变化,并阐述了进行此类研究的方法及应予引起注意的问题。可供进行类似研究时参考。     

南洞庭湖湿地生态系统结构、功能与可持续研究

洞庭湖是我国著名的淡水湖泊湿地，也是世界上唯一的由3个国际重要湿地组成的湖泊。文章分析了南洞庭湖湿地的形成原因及演替规律，研究了其生态系统结构特征，评价了动物栖息地、植物基因库、生态改善、湿地生产、科教基地、旅游度假等湿地功能，指出其面临的主要问题是湖泊面积缩小、湿地功能衰退、动物种群衰减、资源利用率低、环境污染加剧，提出扩大湖泊面积、重视湿地资源保护、加强自然保护区建设、发展湿地生态农业、加快湿地污染治理的南洞庭湖湿地生态系统可持续发展途径。     

Effectiveness of Protected Area Governance in the Conservation of Mt. Marsabit Forest Ecosystem,Kenya

ABSTRACT

Protected area systems (PAs) have the potential to conserve natural resources and provide social and economic benefits to local communities. Establishing and maintaining good governance and associated mechanisms is necessary for adaptive management of PAs. To test this hypothesis, we analyzed the relationships between various stakeholders and the effectiveness of PA governance of Mt. Marsabit forest ecosystem in Kenya. We used social network analysis (SNA) to assess the interactions between actors, and factor analysis to analyze the effectiveness of governance criteria. Governance of Mt. Marsabit forest ecosystem was complex with a multiplicity of stakeholders from diverse interests. Governance was moderately effective (61%) with positive indicators including the regulatory framework, delineation of areas under conservation, and reduction in poaching. The low level of interactions and associations among stakeholders suggest a weakness in the networks that may negatively affect the flow of information and other resources. This weakness was attributed to a lack of institutionalization of the links leading to poor coordination of processes. Local communities were inadequately represented in the governance of this PA despite being important actors. Our study finds that local ownership and strong linkages between actors are important ingredients for effective governance of PAs.     

A Study on Water Exchange in Root Zone of ProtectiveForest Ecosystem in Loess Area

ＡＳｔｕｄｙｏｎＷａｔｅｒＥｘｃｈａｎｇｅｉｎＲｏｏｔＺｏｎｅｏｆＰｒｏｔｅｃｔｉｖｅＦｏｒｅｓｔＥｃｏｓｙｓｔｅｍｉｎＬｏｅｓｓＡｒｅａＹｕＸｉｎｘｉａｏＣｏｌｌｅｇｅｏｆＳｏｉｌａｎｄＷａｔｅｒＣｏｎｓｅｒｒａｔｉｏｎ，ＢｅｉｊｉｎｇＦｏｒｅｓｔ...     

以降低稻田生态系统脆弱性为主旨的褐飞虱综防措施

稻田生态系统是一种需要人工干预的开放系统,其多样性较低,营养结构简单,空白生态位较多,本身具有一定的脆弱性,加之近年来耕作方式的转变,农药化肥的不合理使用等,使其脆弱性增加,更容易受到害虫的攻击。褐飞虱作为水稻主要害虫之一,在对其进行防治时要充分发挥稻田生态系统内各物种间的调节作用,可持续地抑制其暴发危害。本文结合我们以及广东的工作实践,综述了以降低稻田生态系统脆弱性为主旨的褐飞虱综防措施,包括丰产控害栽培防治、高效低毒的化学药剂防治、物理防治、生物防治以及饱和生态位调控防治。